24k gold Bronze Buddha – Ladakh, 17th–18th Century (31 cm)

Examination and methods: the sculpture was examined under daylight, polarized light and 365 nm UV illumination, supported by detailed microscopic photography.

All observations confirm an authentic aged surface with no signs of modern restoration, coating or re-gilding. The gilding behaves inert under UV and displays the diffused, warm fluorescence typical of high-purity gold and oxidized copper alloy.

Surface and gilding evidence (microscopy and UV): microscopic inspection reveals a homogeneous fine-grained surface structure and a deep golden hue consistent with 24 kt gold applied by traditional mercury-amalgam fire-gilding. The gilding shows natural wear on protruding zones, oxidation pits in recessed areas and darkened edges from long-term amalgam reaction. No synthetic varnish or galvanic uniformity is present. The reddish undertone and soft reflection are diagnostic of genuine fire-gilding. Status: fully antique fire-gilded surface.

Surface detailing and tool marks: high-magnification images of the lotus base and facial areas show manual punch and burin work. Each incision differs slightly in depth and spacing, confirming true hand tooling rather than mold replication. Old oxidation inside the grooves demonstrates that these decorations were tooled before gilding, as the gold layer runs over the tool marks. Fine cross-scratches along the seams indicate hand levelling and polishing prior to final heating of the amalgam.

Origin and dating: stylistically and technically the piece is consistent with Ladakh and Western Himalayan workshops of the 17th–18th century. Distinctive features include the single robe line without beaded border, the open double-lotus base and the elongated facial form with soft modelling, all characteristic of Ladakh rather than central Tibetan production.

Condition: original and complete, with natural wear and oxidation only. There is no evidence of modern filler, recasting or gilding retouch.

Valuation (1stbuddha): retail and replacement value is estimated at €30 000 – €45 000. The current 1stbuddha sales target is €16 000. This valuation is based on confirmed authenticity, gilding integrity, region and period, and on market comparisons (Bonhams, Christie’s, Michael Backman and 1stbuddha reference 1650 Buddha, 51 cm).